Time for a text overflow. I posted this on /r/Magi but I guess it'll be useful here too.
I think it'll be a good idea to focus on the translation notes for a bit
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Wahid: (two syllables wa-hid) Arabic word for one.
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Arba: (In its original form the term is pronounced as Ar-ba-aa with three syllables. As mentioned it is derived from the Arabic word for four(4).
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Setta: (Personally I'd say Sitta/Sytta would be more closer in terms of pronounciation because the 'e' sound doesn't sit well with the original word I guess. It's two syllables with emphasis on the 't' part - sit-tah.) It is derived from the Arabic word for six.
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Daeif: (This I would assume would be the hardest to pronounce in English because of the letters involved as they do not convey the points of inflection and how many syllables are involved. It is pronounced as Daa-eef with the D sounding more emphatic that the D in English. The translation notes cover this aspect pretty well.) The word is derived from the Arabic word for weak/feeble.
Also note that Ithnaan (pronounced Ith-naan) is the Arabic word for two so it would seem that there is a structure to the group whether it be in terms of power or command we don't know but that comes of pretty clearly.
Also note that Sheba is reference to the Queen of Sheba in many Hebrew, Quranic and Ethiopian accounts. What I find interesting is that she is from the same time period as Solomon and in these texts she found Solomon to be wise and intelligent. Looking at the information I think that she may be Ren Gyokuen because she is in a position where she may actually be the opposition that Solomon faces and Ithnan actually betrays Solomon for. That's just my conjecture based on the chapter and the reference material but she may end up being Aladdin's mother rather than the witch of Al-Thamen as I'm currently predicting.
Edit: There's this term that has stuck with me from the manga called "The 8 Lucky Stars" and I think given what's happening in the manga I have a little prediction. Here's an excerpt from the Magi wikia to get you all up to speed.
The name of this organization is either a corruption of the Arabic word الثامِن Ath-Thāmin (or without proper elision: Al-Thāmin), meaning "The Eighth", or the related Arabic word ثَمانِية Thamāniya, meaning "Eight", perhaps referring to their symbol (the 8-pointed sun and octagram), which is the same symbol that appears on the Metal Vessals (likely representing the eight types of magic). This is further supported by the fact that, at one point, they are even called the "Eight Lucky Stars" (八芳星, Hachi Yoshi Boshi).
Now looking at Solomon's companions we have been introduced to so far there are
Okay I'm going on a limb here but I'm going to assume that by the end of Solomon's flashback we're going to have 8 key members in his group (Thalatha, Khamsa, Saba and Thamaniya - 3,5,7 and 8 respectively)
Now then with that assumption in mind let's look at the current chapter and how Solomon saves Sheba. He uses a wand to cast magic which is different to what we seen today in the other world but that does allow me to speculate. In the flashback there is no hint of Metal Vessels anywhere. They all have wands and use magic. Now the way we classify a metal vessel is that it always has that octogram. I believe that further down the line in the flashback Solomon and his group will create the Metal Vessels that have the 8 points. Furthermore I believe that the creators of the Metal Vessels will be called the 8 lucky stars as a nickname rather that what the wiki refers to being Al-Thamen. That's my theory righty now and I'd like to see how the manga progresses in the future.